INVENTIONS AND DISCOVERIES

Date	Invention or Discovery	Inventor or Discoverer	Nationality
1250	Magnifying glass	Roger Bacon	English
1450	Printing press	Johann Gutenberg	German
1504	Pocket watch	Peter Henlein	German
1590	Compound microscope	Zacharias Janssen	Dutch
1593	Water thermometer	Galileo	Italian
1608	Telescope	Hans Lippershey	Dutch
1625	Blood transfusion	Jean-Baptiste Denys	French
1629	Steam turbine	Giovanni Branca	Italian
1642	Adding machine	Blaise Pascal	French
1643	Barometer	Evangelista Torricelli	Italian
1650	Air pump	Otto von Guericke	German
1656	Pendulum clock	Christiaan Huygens	Dutch
1661	Methanol. - Volume, pressure, temperature relation in gases.	Robert Boyle	Irish
1668	Reflecting telescope	Isaac Newton	English
1671	Calculating machine	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz	German
1683	Bacteria	Anton van Leeuwenhoek	Dutch
1687	Motion, Laws of	Isaac Newton	English
1698	Steam pump	Thomas Savery	English
1701	Seed drill	Jethro Tull	English
1710	Piano	Bartolomeo Cristofori	Italian
1712	Steam engine	Thomas Newcomen	British
1714	Mercury thermometer	Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit	German
1717	Diving bell	Edmund Halley	English
1725	Stereotyping	William Ged	Scottish
1745	Leyden jar (condenser)	E.G. von Kleist	German
1752	Lightning rod	Benjamin Franklin	American
1758	Achromatic lens	John Dollond	British
1759	Marine chronometer	John Harrison	British
1764	Spinning jenny	James Hargreaves	British
1769	Spinning frame	R. Arkwright	English
1769	Steam engine (with separate condenser)	James Watt	British
1775	Submarine	David Bushnell	American
1780	Steel pen	Samuel Harrison	English
1780	Bifocal lens	Benjamin Franklin	American
1783	Balloon, hot-air	Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques E'tienne Montgolfier	French
1784	Threshing machine	Andrew Meikle	British
1785	Power loom	Edmund Cartwright	British
1786	Steamboat	John Fitch	American
1788	Flyball governor	James Watt	British
1791	Gas turbine	John Barber	British
1792	Illuminating gas	William Murdock	Scottish
1793	Cotton gin	Eli Whitney	American
1795	Hydraulic press	Joseph Bramah	English
1796	Lithography	Aloys Senefelder	German
1796	Smallpox vaccination	Edward Jenner	British
1799	Fourdrinier machine (papermaking)	Louis Robert	French
1800	Jacquard loom	Joseph Marie Jacquard	French
1800	Electric battery	Count Alessandro Volta	Italian
1801	Pattern loom	Joseph Marie Jacquard	French
1804	Screw propeller	John Stevens	American
1804	Solid-fuel rocket	William Congreve	British
1804	Steam locomotive	Richard Trevithick	British
1805	Electroplating	Luigi Gasparo Brugnatelli	Italian
1810	Food preservation (by sterilization & air-exclusion)	Francois Appert	French
1810	Printing press	Frederick Koenig	German
1814	Railroad locomotive	George Stephenson	British
1815	Safety lamp	Sir Humphry Davy	British
1816	Bicycle (no pedals)	Karl D. Sauerbronn	German
1819	Stethoscope	Rene' Theophile-Hyacinthe Laennec	French
1820	Hygrometer	J.F. Daniell	English
1820	Galvanometer	Johann Salomo Cristoph Schweigger	German
1821	Electric motor	Michael Faraday	British
1823	Silicon	Jons Jakob Berzelius	Swedish
1823	Electromagnet	William Sturgeon	British
1824	Portland cement	Joseph Aspdin	British
1827	Friction match	John Walker	British
1829	Typewriter	W.A. Burt	American
1829	Braille printing	Louis Braille	French
1830	Platform scales	Thaddeus Fairbanks	American
1830	Sewing machine	Barthelemy Thimonnier	French
1831	Phosphorus match	Charles Sauria	French
1831	Reaper	Cyrus Hall McCormick	American
1831	Dynamo	Michael Faraday	British
1834	Electric streetcar	Thomas Davenport	American
1835	Pistol (revolver)	Samuel Colt	American
1837	Telegraph	Samuel Finley Breese Morse Sir Charles Wheatstone	American British
1838	Morse code	Samuel Finley Breese Morse	American
1839	Photography	Louis-Jacques-Mande' Daguerre Joseph Nicephore Niepce and William Henry Fox Talbot	French British
1839	Vulcanized rubber	Charles Goodyear	American
1839	Steam hammer	James Nasmyth	Scottish
1839	Bicycle (with pedals)	Kirkpatrick MacMillan	British
1845	Pneumatic tire	Robert William Thompson	American
1846	Rotary printing press	Richard March Hoe	American
1846	Nitroglycerin	Ascanio Sobrero	Italian
1846	Guncotton	Christian Friedrich Schoenbein	German
1846	Ether	Crawford Williamson Long	American
1849	Reinforced concrete	F.J. Monier	French
1849	Safety pin	Walter Hunt	American
1849	Water turbine	James Bicheno Francis	American
1850	Refrigerator	Alexander Twining & James Harrison	American & Australian
1850	Mercerized cotton	John Mercer	British
1851	Breech-loading rifle	Edward Maynard	American
1851	Opthalmoscope	Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz	German
1852	Nonrigid airship	Henri Giffard	French
1852	Elevator (with brake)	Elisha Graves Otis	American
1852	Gyroscope	Jean Bernard Leon Foucault	French
1855	Hypodermic syringe	Alexander Wood	Scottish
1855	Safety matches	J.E. Lundstrom	Swedish
1856	Bessemer converter (steel)	Sir Henry Bessemer	British
1858	Harvester	Charles and William Marsh	American
1859	Spectroscope	Gustav Robert Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen	German
1860	Internal-combustion engine (gas, two-cycle)	Sadi Carnot (theory, 1824) Jean-Joseph-Etienne Lenoir	French
1861	Web-fed newspaper printing press	Richard March Hoe	American
1861	Electric furnace	Wilhelm Siemens	British
1861	Machine gun	Richard Jordan Gatling	American
1861	Kinematoscope	Coleman Sellers	American
1865	Heredity, Laws of	Gregor Mendel	Austrian
1865	Antiseptic surgery	Joseph Lister	English
1866	Paper (from wood pulp, sulfite process)	Benjamin Chew Tilghman	American
1866	Dynamite	Alfred Bernhard Nobel	Swedish
1868	Dry cell	Georges Leclanche'	French
1868	Typewriter	Carlos Glidden and Christopher Latham Sholes	American
1868	Air brake	George Westinghouse	American
1870	Celluloid	John Wesley Hyatt and Isaiah Hyatt	American
1871	Continuous current dynamo	Zenobe-Theophile Gramme	Belgian
1874	Quadruplex telegraph	Thomas Alva Edison	American
1875	Atomated Machine-oiler	Elijah McCoy, the "Real McCoy"	Canadian
1876	Germ theory of disease	Louis Pasteur (1859) and Robert Koch	French German
1876	Telephone	Alexander Graham Bell	American
1877	Internal-combustion engine (four-cycle)	Nikolaus August Otto	German
1877	Talking machine (phonograph)	Thomas Alva Edison	American
1877	Microphone	Emile Berliner	American
1877	Electric welding	Elihu Thomson	American
1877	Refrigerator car	G.F. Swift	American
1878	Cream separator	Carl Gustav de Laval	Swedish
1878	Cathode ray tube	Sir William Crookes	British
1879	Cash register	James J. Ritty	American
1879	Light Bulb (Incandescent filament)	Thomas Alva Edison Sir Joseph Wilson Swan	American British
1879	Automobile engine (two-cycle)	Karl Benz	German
1879	Arc lamp	Charles Francis Bush	American
1880	Linotype	Ottmar Mergenthaler	American
1884	Steam turbine	C.A. Parsons	English
1884	Rayon (nitrocellulose)	Comte Hilaire Bernigaud de Chardonnet	French
1884	Multiple-wheel steam turbine	Sir Charles Algernon Parsons	British
1884	Nipkow disk (mechanical television scanning device)	Paul Gottlieb Nipkow	German
1884	Fountain pen	Lewis Edson Waterman	American
1885	Automobile (w/ int.combustion engine)	Karl Benz and Gottlieb Daimler	German
1885	Graphophone (dictating machine)	Chichester A. Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter	American
1885	AC transformer	William Stanley	American
1887	Air-inflated rubber tire	J.B. Dunlop	Scottish
1887	Gramophone (disk records)	Emile Berliner	American
1887	Gas mantle	Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach	Austrian
1887	Mimeograph	Albert Blake Dick	American
1887	Monotype	Tolbert Lanston	American
1887	Automated Electric Elevator	Alexander Miles	American
1888	Adding machine (recording)	William Seward Burroughs	American
1888	Kodak camera	George Eastman	American
1889	Steam turbine	C.G. de Laval	Swedish
1890	Rayon (cuprammonium)	Louis Henri Despeissis	French
1891	Glider	Otto Lilienthal	German
1891	Motion picture camera (kinetograph)	Thomas Alva Edison William K. L. Dickson	American British
1891	Motion picture viewer (kinetoscope)	Thomas Alva Edison William K. L. Dickson	American British
1891	Synthetic rubber	Sir William Augustus Tilden	British
1892	AC motor	Nikola Tesla	American
1892	Three-color camera	Frederick Eugene Ives	American
1892	Rayon (viscose)	Charles Frederick Cross	British
1892	Vacuum bottle (Dewar flask)	Sir James Dewar	British
1893	Photoelectric cell	Julius Elster Hans F. Geitel	German
1893	Diesel engine	Rudolf Diesel	German
1893	Gasoline automobile	Charles Edgar Duryea and J. Frank Duryea	American
1894	Motion picture projection	Louis Jean Lumiere and Auguste Marie Lumiere Charles Francis Jenkins	French American
1895	X-ray	Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen	German
1895	Rayon (acetate)	Charles Frederick Cross	British
1895	Wireless telegraph	Marchese Guglielmo Marconi	Italian
1896	Experimental airplane	Samuel Pierpont Langley	American
1898	Sensitized photographic paper	Leo Hendrik Baekeland	American
1900	Rigid dirigible airship	Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin	German
1902	Radiotelephone	Valdemar Poulsen Reginald Aubrey Fessenden	Danish American
1903	Airplane	Wilbur Wright and Orville Wright	American
1903	Windshield wipers	Mary Anderson	American
1903	Electrocardiograph	Willem Einthoven	Dutch
1905	Diode rectifier tube (radio)	Sir John Ambrose Fleming	British
1906	Gyrocompass	Hermann Anschutz-Kaempfe	German
1907	Triode amplifier tube (radio)	Lee De Forest	American
1908	Cellophane	Jacques Edwin Brandenberger	Swiss
1908	Two-color motion picture camera	C. Albert Smith	British
1909	Salvarsan	Paul Ehrlich	German
1910	Plastic synthesized (Bakelite)	Leo H. Baekeland	American
1910	Hydrogenation of coal	Friedrich Bergius	German
1910	Gyroscopic compass and stabilizer	Elmer Ambrose Sperry	American
1911	Air conditioning	W.H. Carrier	American
1911	Vitamins	Casimir Funk	Polish
1911	Cellophane	Jacques Edwin Brandenberger	Swiss
1911	Neon lamp	Georges Claude	French
1912	Mercury-vapor lamp	Peter Cooper Hewitt	American
1913	Ramjet engine	Rene' Lorin	French
1913	Multigrid electron tube	Irving Langmuir	American
1913	Cracked gasoline	William Meriam Burton	American
1913	Heterodyne radio receiver	Reginald Aubrey Fessenden	American
1914	Gas-Mask (Hood)	Garrett Morgan	American
1915	Automobile self-starter	Charles Franklin Kettering	American
1916	Browning gun (automatic rifle)	John Moses Browning	American
1916	Gas-filled incandescent lamp	Irving Langmuir	American
1916	X-ray tube	William David Coolidge	American
1919	Mass spectrograph	Sir Francis William Aston Arthur Jeffrey Dempster	British American
1922-26	Sound motion pictures	T.W. Case	American
1922	Insulin	Sir Frederick Grant Banting	Canadian
1923	Autogiro	Juan de la Cierva	Spanish
1923	Television iconoscope	Vladimir Kosma Zworykin	American
1923	Three-way Traffic Signal	Garrett Morgan	American
1924	Quick-frozen food	Clarence Birdseye	American
1925	Television image dissector tube	Philo Taylor Farnsworth	American
1926	Aerosol can	Erik Rotheim	Norwegian
1926	Liquid-fuel rocket	Robert Hutchings Goddard	American
1927	Paints & Stains from soybeans	George W. Carver	American
1927-9	Universe is Expanding	George LeMaitre Edwin P. Hubble	Belgian American
1928	Penicillin	Sir Alexander Fleming	British
1930	Bathysphere	(Charles) William Beebe	American
1930	Freon (low-boiling fluorine compounds)	Thomas Midgley and coworkers	American
1930	Modern gas-turbine engine	Sir Frank Whittle	British
1930	Neoprene (synthetic rubber)	Father Julius Arthur Nieuwland and Wallace Hume Carothers	American
1931	Cyclotron	Ernest Orlando Lawrence	American
1931	Differential analyzer (analogue computer)	Vannevar Bush	American
1932	Phase contrast microscope	Frits Zernike	Dutch
1932	Van de Graaff generator	Robert Jemison Van de Graaff	American
1933	Frequency modulation (FM)	Edwin Howard Armstrong	American
1935	Buna (synthetic rubber)	German scientists	German
1935	Radiolocator (radar)	Sir Robert Watson-Watt	British
1935	Cortisone synthesized	Percy Julian, Edward Kendall Tadeus Reichstein	Americans Swiss
1935	Electron microscope	German scientists	German
1935	Sulfanllamide	Gerhard Domagk	German
1935	Nylon	Wallace Hume Carothers	American
1936	Jet Engine Propulsion	Sir Frank Whittle Hans von Ohain	English German
1936	Twin-rotor helicopter	Heinrich Focke	German
1937	Snowmobile	Armand Bombardier	Canadian
1938	Ballpoint pen	Georg and Ladislao Biro	Hungarian
1939	DDT	Paul Moeller	Swiss
1939	Helicopter	Igor Sikorsky	American
1940	Betatron	Donald William Kerst	American
1941	Turbojet aircraft engine	Sir Frank Whittle	British
1942	Guided missile	Wernher von Braun	German
1942	Nuclear reactor	Enrico Fermi	American
1942	Xerography	Chester Carlson	American
1944	V-2 (rocket-propelled bomb)	German scientists	German
1945	Atomic bomb	U.S. government scientists	American
1945	Streptomycin	Selman A. Waksman	American
1946	Digital computer, electronic	John Presper Eckert, Jr., and John W. Mauchly	American
1947	Holography	Dennis Gabon	English
1947	Chlormycetin	Mildred Rebstock	American
1947	Polaroid Land camera	Edwin Herbert Land	American
1947	Bathyscaphe	Auguste Piccard	Swiss
1947	Microwave oven	Percy L. Spencer	American
1948	Scintillation counter	Hartmut Kallmann	German
1948	Aureomycin	Benjamin Minge Duggar and Chandra Bose Subba Row	American
1948	Transistor	John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain, and William Shockley	American
1949	Ramjet airplane	Rene' Leduc	French
1950	Color television	Peter Carl Goldmark	American
1950	NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)	Felix Bloch & Edward Purcell	American
1952	Hydrogen bomb	U.S. government scientists	American
1952	Bubble chamber (nuclear particle detector)	Donald Arthur Glaser	American
1953	Maser	Charles Townes	American
1953	Structure of DNA described	James Watson and Francis Crick	American English
1954	Solar battery	Bell Telephone Laboratory scientists	American
1954	Polio vaccine	Jonas Salk	American
1955	Synthetic diamonds	General Electric scientists	American
1955	Carbon dating	W.F. Libby	American
1955	Optical fibers	Narinder S. Kapany	Indian
1956	Hovercraft	Christopher Cockerell	English
1956	First prototype rotary engine	Felix Wankel	German
1956	Videotape	Charles Ginsberg, Ray Dolby	American
1957	Sodium-cooled atomic reactor	U.S. government scientists	American
1957	Artificial earth satellite	USSR government scientists	Soviet
1958	Communications satellite	U.S. government scientists	American
1959	Integrated circuit	Jack Kilby, Robert Noyce	American
1960	Laser	Charles Hard Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, and Gordon Gould	American
1960	Chlorophyll synthesized	Robert Burns Woodward	American
1960	Birth-control pill	Gregory Pincus, John Rock, and Min-chueh Chang	American
1962	Light-emitting diode (LED)	Nick Holonyak, Jr.	American
1964	Liquid-crystal display	George Heilmeier	American
1965	Kevlar technology	Stephanie Kwolek	American
1966	Artificial heart (left ventricle)	Michael Ellis DeBakey	American
1966	Tunable dye laser	Mary Spaeth	American
1967	Human heart transplant	Christiaan Neethling Barnard	South Africa
1969	Internet (initially "ARPAnet")	Leonard Kleinrock	American
1970	First full synthesis of a gene	Har Gobind Khorana	American
1971	Microprocessor	Ted Hoff	American
1971	Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging	Raymond Damadian	American
1972	Electronic pocket calculator	J.S. Kilby and J.D. Merryman	American
1972	First magnetohydrodynamic power generator	USSR government scientists	Soviet
1973	Skylab orbiting space laboratory	U.S. government scientists	American
1974	Ethernet	Robert M. Metcalfe & D.R. Boggs	American
1974	Recombinant DNA (genetic engineering)	U.S. scientists	American
1975	CAT (computerized axial tomography) scanner	Godfrey N. Hounsfield	British
1975	Fiberoptics	Bell Laboratories	American
1976	Computer (personal)	Steve Wozniak	American
1976	Supercomputer	J.H. Van Tassel and Seymour Cray	American
1977	MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)	Paul Lauterbur and Peter Mansfield	American
1978	Synthesis of human insulin genes	Roberto Crea, Tadaaki Hirose, Adam Kraszewski, and Keiichi Itakura	American
1978	Mammal to mammal gene transplants	Paul Berg, Richard Mulligan, and Bruce Howard	American
1979	Compact disc	Joop Sinjou Toshi Tada Doi	Dutch Japanese
1979	Genetic flaw repaired in mouse cells by recombinant DNA and micromanipulation techniques	W. French Anderson and coworkers	American
1981	Space transportation system (space shuttle)	National Aeronautics and Space Administration engineers	American
1982	Artificial heart	Robert K. Jarvik	American
1983	Scanning tunneling microscope	Gerd Binnig Heinrich Rohrer	German Swiss
1986	High-temperature superconductors	J. Georg Bednorz Karl A. Moeller	German Swiss
1992	Magnetic boat	Yoshiro Saji	Japanese

Adding Machine, 1642. Inventor : Blaise Pascal (France) (1623-62). Earliest commercial machine invented by William Burroughs (U.S.) in St. Louis, Missouri in 1885.

Addressograph, 1893. Inventor : J.S. Duncan (U.S.). Manufactured in Chicago, Illinois.

Airplane, 1903. Inventors: Orville Wright (1871-1948) and Wilbur Wright (1867-1912), (U.S.) Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

Airship (non-rigid), 1852. Inventor : Henri Giffard (France) (1825-82). Steam-powered propeller flew over Paris (1852).

Airship (rigid), 1900. Inventor : Graf Ferdinand von Zeppelin (Germany) (1838- 1917). Bodensee.

Antiseptic, 1867. Inventor : Dr. Joseph Lister (England).

Arc Lamp, 1879. Inventor : C.F. Brush (U.S.) (1849-1929). Cleveland, Ohio.

Argon, 1894. Discoverers : Sir William Ramsay and Baron Ray Leigh (Great Britain).

Aspirin, 1899. Inventor : Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany.

Atom Bomb Fat Man

Atom Bomb, 1945. Inventor : Julius Robert Oppenheimer (U.S) (1904-1967).

Autogiro, 1923. Inventor : Juan de la Cierva (Spain) (1896-1963). Horizontal unpowered rotor.

Automobile (steam), c. 1769. Inventor : Nicolas Cugnot (France) (1725-1804). Three-wheeled military tractor. Oldest surviving is Italian Bordino (1854) in Turin.

Automobile (gasoline), 1855. Inventor : Karl Benz (Germany) (1844-1929). Earliest model by Father Ferdinand Verbiest (d. 1687) c. 1665 in China. Earliest internal combustion automobile built (1862-63) by Jean Joseph Etienne Lenior (1822-1900) (France). First run by Benz Motorwagon, Manneheim in November or December 1885. Patented in January 29,1886. First powered handcartwith internal combustion engine was by Siegfried Marcus (Austria) (c. 1864).

Bakelite, 1907. Inventor : Lwo H. Backcland (Belgium/U.S.) (1863-1944).

Balloon, 1783. Inventor : Jacques Montgolfier (1755-99) and Joseph Montgolfier (France) (1740-1810). Tethered flight, Paris (October 15); manned free flight, Paris.

Ballpoint Pen, 1888. Inventor : John J. Loud (U.S.). First practical models by Ladisloa and George Biro (Hungary) in 1938.

Barbed Wire, 1873. Inventor : Joseph F. Glidden (U.S.); manufactured at De Kalb, Illinois.

Bicycle Tyres (pneumatic), 1888. Inventor : John Boyd Dunlop (Scotland) (1840-1921). Principle patented but undeveloped by Orbert William Thomson (Scotland), June 10 1885. First motor car pneumatic tyres adapted by Andre and Edouard Michelin (France), 1885 (see rubber tyres).

Bifocal Lens, 1780. Inventor : Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) (U.S.). His earliest experiments began c. 1760.

Bullet, 1849. Inventor : Claude Minie (France).

Bunsen Burner, 1858. Inventor : Robert Wilhelm von Bunsen (Germany) (1811-99). Michael Faraday (1791-1867) (England) had previously designed an adjustable burner.

Burglar Alarm, 1851. Inventor : Edwin T. Holmes (U.S.). Electric installed, Boston Massachusetts (February 21).

Cadmium, 1817. Discovered : Friedrich Stromeyer (Germany).

Cannon (iron), c. 1320. Inventor : Germany. Earliest English illustration dated 1326.

Carburettor, 1876. Inventor : Gottlieb Daimler (Germany) (1834-1900). Carburettor spray; Charles E. Duryea (U.S.) 1892.

Carpet Sweeper, 1876. Inventor : Melville R. Bissell (U.S.). Grand Rapids, March. (Patent, September 19).

Car Radio, 1929. Inventors : William Lear and Elmer Wavering (USA).

Cash Register, 1879. Inventor : James Ritty (U.S.). Built in Dayton, Ohio. Taken over by National Cash Register Co. in 1884.

Cellophane, 1900. Inventor : I.E. Brandenberger (Switzerland). Machine production not before 1911.

Celluloid, 1861. Inventor : Alexander Parkes (England) (1813-90). Invented in Birmingham, England; developed and trade marked by I.W. Hyatt (U.S.) in 1873.

Cement Concrete used in Construction

Cement, 1824. Inventor : Joseph Aspdin (England).

Chain Drive, 1491-93. Inventor : Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). Drawings made in Milan (Italy) were discovered in Spain in 1967.

Chlorine, 1774. Discoverer : Karl Wilhelm Scheele (Sweden).

Chronometer, 1735. Inventor : John Harrison (England) (1693-1776). Received in 1772 Government £ 20,000 prize.

Cinema, 1895. Inventors: Auguste Marie Louis Nocolas Lumicre (1862-1954) and Louis Jean Lumiere (France) (1864-1948). Development pioneers were Etienne Jules Marcy (France) (1830-1903) and Thomas A. Edison (U.S.) (1847-1931). First public showing, Paris (December 28, 1895)

Classification of Data for Libraries. Inventor : Melvil Dewey (U.S.) (1851-1913). Introduced his decimal classification in 1876.

Clock (mechanical), 725. Inventors: I-Hsing and Liang Ling-Tsan (China). Earliest escapement 600 years before Europe.

Clock (pendulum), 1657. Inventor : Christian Huygens (Netherlands) (1629-92).

Dacron, 1941. Inventors: J.R. Whinfield (1901-66), J.T. Dickson (England). First available 1950, marketed in U.S.

Dental Plate, 1817. Inventor : Anthony A. Plantson (U.S.) (1774-1837).

Dental Plate (rubber), 1855. Inventor : Charles Goodyear (U.S) (1845-1921).

Diesel Engine, 1895. Inventor : Rudolf Diesel (Germany) (1858-1913). Lower pressure oil engine patent by Stuart Akroyd, 1890. Diesel's first commercial success, Augsberg, 1897.

Disc Brake, 1902. Inventor : Dr. F. Lanchester (England). First used on aircraft 1953 (Dunlop Rubber Co.).

Electric Battery, 1800. Inventor : Volta (Italian)

Electric Blanket; 1946. Inventor : Simmons Co., Petersburg, Virginia, U.S. Thermostatic control.

Electric Cooking Utensil, 1874. Inventor : St. George Lane-Fox (England).

Electric Fan, 1882. Inventor : Wheeler (USA). Electric Flat Iron, 1882. Inventor : H.W. Seeley (U.S.), New York City.

Electric Generation (Static), 1660. Inventor : Otto von Gueriche (Germany).

Electric Lamp, 1879. Inventor : Thomas Alva Edison (U.S.) (1847-1931). First practical demonstration at Menlo Park, New Jersey.

Electric Motor (DC), 1873. Inventor : Zenobe Gramme (Belgium) (1826-1901). Exhibited in Vienna.

Electric Motor (AC), 1888. Inventor : Nikola Tesla (U.S.) (1856-1943).

Electromagnet, 1824. Inventor : William Sturgeon (England) (b. 1783); improved by Joseph Henry (U.S.) 1831.

Electromagnetic Induction, 1831. Inventor : Michael Faraday (Great Britain); discovered previously, but not published, by Joseph Henry (United States).

Electronic Computer, 1942. Inventor : J.G. Brainerd, J.P. Eckert, J.W. Mauchly (U.S.). ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Circulator), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

Elevator, 1852. Inventor : Elisha G. Otis (U.S.) (1811-61). Earliest elevator at Yonkers, N.Y.

Film (musical), 1923. Inventor : Dr. Lee de Forest (U.S.) New York demonstration (March 13).

Film (talking), 1926. Inventor : Warner Bros. (U.S.). First release Don Juan, Warner Theatre, New York (August 5).

Fluroine, 1886. Discoverer : Ferdinand Frederick Henri Moissan (France).

Food Frozen, 1923. Inventor : Birdseyes (USA).

Fountain Pen, 1884. Inventor : Lewis E. Waterman (U.S.) (1837-1901). Patented by D. Hyde (U.S.), 1830, undeveloped.

Gas Lighting, 1792. Inventor : William Murdock (Scotland), (1754-1839). Private house in Cornwall, 1792; Factory, Birmingham, 1798; London Street, 1807.

Generator, 1860. Inventor : Piciontti (Italian). Continuous current: improved by Gramme (Belgium). 1870.

Glass (stained), c. 1080. Inventor : Augsberg (Germany). Earliest English, c. 1170, York Minister.

Glassware, c. 1500 BC. Inventor : Egypt and Mesopotamia (Today's Iraq). Glass blowing, Syria, c. 50 BC.

Glider, 1853. Inventor : Sir George Cayley (England) (1773-1857). Near Brompton Hall, Yorkshire, England. Passenger possibly John Appleby.

Old Gramophone

Gramophone, 1878. Inventor : Thomas Edison (USA).

Gyro-Compass, 1911. Inventor : Elmer A. Sperry (U.S.) (1860-1930). Tested on USS Delaware (August 28). Gyroscope devised 1882 by Foucault (France).

Helicopter, 1930. Inventor : d' Ascanio (Italy). Co-axial machine. Earliest drawing of principle, Le Mans Museum, France, c. 1460. First serviceable machine by Igor Sikorsky (U.S.). 1939.

Helium, 1868. Discoverer : Sir William Ramsay (Great Britain).

Hovercraft, 1955. Inventor : C.S. Cockerell (England). Patented December 12. Earliest air-cushion vehicle patent was in 1877 by J.I. Thornycroft (1843-1921) (England). First 'light' Saunders Roe SRNI at. Cowes, England, (May 30, 1959).

Iron Working, c. 1000 BC. Inventor : Hallstatt, Austria. Introduced into Britain c. 550 BC.

Jet Engine, 1937. Inventor : Sir Frank Whittle (England) (b. 1906). First tested run in 1937. Principles announced by Merconnet (France) 1909 and Maxime Guillaume (France) 1921. First flight August 27, 1939 by Heinkel He.

Laser, 1960. Inventor : Dr. Charles H. Townes (U.S.). First demonstration by Theodore Maiman (U.S.). (Abbreviation for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation).

Lathe, c. 1500 BC. Inventor : Greeks for wood-working. Possibly developed from potter's wheel. Earliest screw cutting lathe by Henry Maudsly (England) (1771-1831).

Launderette, 1934. Inventor : J.F. Cantrell (U.S.), Fort Worth, Texas, April 18.

Laws of Gravitation and Motion, 1687. Discovered : Isaac Newton (England).

Lightning Conductor, 1752. Inventor : Benjamin Franklin (U.S.) (1706-90), Philadelphia.

Linoleum, 1860. Inventor : Frederick Walton (England).

Locomotive, 1804. Inventor : Richard Trevithick (England) (1771-1833). Penydarren, Wales, 9 Miles (February 21).

Loom (power), 1785. Inventor : Edmund Cartwright (England) (1743-1823).

Loudspeaker, 1924. Inventor : Chester W. Rice and Edward W. Kellogg (U.S.).

Machine Gun, 1861. Inventor : Richard Gaffing (U.S.) (1818-1903).

Maps, c. 2500 BC. Inventor : Sumerians (clay tablets). Earliest world map by Eratosthenes c. 220 BC.

Margarine, 1863. Inventor : Hippolyte Mege-Mouries (France). Initially, made of beef suet, warm milk and sheep stomach lining.

Match (Safety), 1855. Inventor : J.E. Lundstrom (Sweden). Amorphous phosphorus disc, 1845, Anton von Schrotter.

Microphone, 1876. Inventor : Alexander Graham Bell (U.S.) (1847-1922). Name coined 1878 by David Hughes.

Microscope, 1590. Inventor : Zacharis Janssen (Netherlands). Compound convex-concave lens.

Microscope (Electron), 1939. Inventor : Vladimir Kosme Sworykin (Russia, later U.S) (b. 1889), et al. Demonstrated Camden, New Jersey, 1940.

Molecular Hypothesis, 1811. Inventor : Amadeo Avogadro (Italy).

Motorcycle, 1848. Inventor : Edward Butler (England). First exhibited 1885 by Daimler, earliest factory in Munich 1893.

Motor Scooter, 1919. Inventor : Greville Bradshaw (England).

Neon Lamp, 1915. Inventor : Georges Claude (France) (1871-1960). First installation in U.S. Cosmopolitan Theatre, July 1923.

Night Club, 1843. Inventor : Paris, France. First was Le Bai des Anglais, Paris.

Nineteenth Laws of Planetary Motion, 1609. Inventor : Johannes Kepler (Germany).

Nylon, 1937. Inventor : Dr. Wallace H. Carothers (U.S.) (1896-1937) at Du Pont Labs, Seaford Delaware, U.S. First stockings made about 1937. Bristle production, February 25, 1938. Yarn production, December 1939.

Oxygen, 1775. Discoverer : Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (France).

Ozone, 1839. Discoverer : Christian Schonbein (Germany).

Paper, c. 150. Invented in China. Introduced to West via Yarkand, c. 750.

Parachute, 1797. Inventor : Andre Jacques Garnerin (France) (1769-1823). First descent from 2,230 ft over Paris. Earliest jump from aircraft March 1, 1912 by Capt A. Berry (U.S.) over St. Louis, Missouri.

Parchment, c. 1300 BC. Inventor : Egypt. Modern name from Pergamam, Asia Minor, c. 250 BC.

Parking Meter, 1935. Inventor : Corlton C. Magee (U.S.). Oklahoma City (July 16).

Phonograph, 1878. Inventor : Thomas Alva Edison (U.S.) (1847-1931). Head cranked cylinder at Menlo Park. J. J. Patent, February 19. First described on April 30, 1877, by Charles Cross (France) (1842-88).

Phosphorus, 1669. Discoverer : Hennig Brand (Germany).

Photography (on metal), 1826. Inventor : Joseph Nicéphore Niepce (France) (1765-1833). Sensitised pewter plate, 8 hrs exposure at Chalon-sur-Saone, France.

Photography (on paper), 1835. Inventor : W. H. Fox Talbot (England) (1807-77). Lacock Abbey, Wiltshire, England.

Photography (on film), 1888. Inventor : John Carbutt (U.S.). Kodak by George Eastman (U.S.) (1854-1932), August 1888.

Piano, 1709. Inventor : Cristofori (Italy).

Porcelain, c. 700. Inventor : China. Reached Baghdad, c. 800.

Potter's Wheel, c. 6500 BC. Inventor : Asia Minor. Used in Mesopotamia (Iraq), c. 3000 BC.

Pneumatic Tyre. See bicycle tyres (look alphabetically above).

Printing Press, c. 1455. Inventor : Johannes Gutenberg (Germany) (c. 1400-68). Hand printing known in India in 868.

Printing (Rotary), 1846. Inventor : Richard Hoe (U.S.) (1812-86). Philadelphia public ledger rotary printed, 1847.

Propeller (ship), 1827. Inventor : Francis Smith (England) (1808-74).

Proton, 1919. Discoverer : Ernest Rutherford (British-New Zealand).

Pyramid, c. 2685 BC. Inventor : Egyptians . Earliest was Zoser step pyramid, Saqqara.

Radar, 1922. Inventors : Dr. Allbert H. Taylor and Leo C. Young (U.S.). Radio reflection effect noted. First harnessed in 1935 by Sir Robert Watson-Watt (England) (b. 1892).

Radioactivity, 1896. Inventor : Antoine Bacqucrel (France).

Radio Telegraphy (over 1 km), 1895. Inventor : Lord Ernest Rutherford (British-New Zealand) (1871-1937). At Cambridge, England.

Radio Telegraphy (Trans-Atlantic), 1901. Inventor : Guglielmo Marconi (Italy) (18741937). From Poldhu, Cornwall to St. Holn's, New Zealand (December 12). Earliest broadcast of speech by Prof. Reginald Fessenden (U.S.) (1868-1932) in Brant Rock, Massachusetts, December 24, 1906.

Rayon, 1883. Inventor : Sir Joseph Swann (England) (1828-1917). Production at Courtauld's Ltd., Coventry, England, November 1905. Name "Rayon" adopted in 1924.

Razor (Safety), 1895. Inventor : King C. Gillette (U.S.). First throw-away blades. Earliest fixed safety razor by Kampfe.

Razor (Electric), 1931. Inventor : Col. Jacob Schick (U.S.). First manufactured Stanford, Connecticut; March 18.

Reaper, 1826. Inventor : Henry Ogle (U.S.). First practical machine invented by Robert McCormick in Walnutt Grove, Virginia, in 1831.

Record (long-playing), 1948. Inventor : Dr. Petter Goldmark (U.S.). Developed in the CBS Research Labs.

Modern Refrigerator

Refrigerator, 1851. Inventor : James Harrison [Australian (1816-1893)j Bendigo. Australia, Brewery.

Revolver, 1835. Inventor : Samuel Colt (U.S.) (1814-62).

Rocket Engine, 1926. Inventor : Robert H. Goddard (USA), considered as father of modern rocket propulsion.

Rubber (waterproof), 1819. Inventor : Charles Macintosh (Scotland) (1766-1843). First experiments in Glasgow. Rubber introduced into Europe in 1736.

Rubber (vulcanised), 1841. Inventor : Charles Goodyear (U.S.) (1800-60).

Rubber (tyres), 1857. Inventor : Thomas Hancock (England) (1786-1865). Introduced solid rubber tyres for vehicles (1847) (see also bicycle).

Rubber (latex foam), 1928. Inventor : Dunlop Rubber Co. (England). Team led by E.A. Murphy at Fort Dunlop, Birmingham, England.

Safety Pin, 1849. Inventor : William Hunt (U.S.). First manufactured in New York City.

Sewing Machine: Fundamental principle, double-pointed needle invented by Charles Fredrick Wiesenthal (U.S.), 1755. First patent in England by Thomas Saint, 1790. First machine put to factory use invented by Barthelemy Thimonnier (France) (1793-1854), patented in 1830. The eye pointed needle and double-lock stitch invented by Walter Hunt of New York 1832, but never patented. Elias Howe (1819-67) of Spencer, Mass, developed his machine independently (not aware of Hunt's work), patented in.,1846. Earliest practical domestic machine invented by Isaac M. Singer (1811-75) of Pittstown, New York, 1851.

Ship (sea-going), c. 2500 BC. Inventor : Egyptian ships traversed Eastern Mediterranean sea.

Ship (steam), 1775. Inventor : J.C. Perier (France) (1742-1818). First trail on the Seine river, near Paris, France.

Ship (turbine), 1894. Inventor : Hon. Sir Charles Parsons (England) (1854-1931). S.S. Turbinia attained 34.5 knots on first trial.

Silicones, 1904. Inventor : Prof. F.S. Kipping (England).

Silk Manufacture, c. 50 BC. Inventor : Reeling machines devised, China. Silk mills in Italy, c. 1250, world's earliest factories of any kind.

Skyscraper, 1882. Inventor : William Le Baron Jenney (U.S.). Home Insurance Co. Building, Chicago, Illinois, 10-storey (top 4 steel beams).

Slide Rule, 1621. Inventor : William Oughtred (England) (1575-1660). Earliest slide between fixed stock by Robert Bissaker, 1654.

Spectacles (or eyeglasses), c. 1286. Inventor : Venice, Italy (convex). Concave lens myopia not developed till c. 1450.

Spinning Frame, 1769. Inventor : Sir Richard Arkwright (England) (1732-92).

Spinning Jenny, 1764. Inventor : James Hargreaves (England) (d. 1778).

Spinning Mule, 1779. Inventor : Samuel Crompton (England) (c. 1753-1827).

Steam Engine, 1698. Inventor : Thomas Savery (England) (c. 1650-1715).

Steam Engine (piston), 1712. Inventor : Thomas Newcomen (England) (1663-1729).

Steam Engine (condenser), 1765. Inventor : James Watt (Scotland) (1736-1819).

Stirrups (metal), c. 550. Inventor : Ancient Avars. Possibly originated in the eastern steppes of Asia.

Steel Production, 1885. Inventor : Henry Bessemer (The Steel Man) (England) (1813-98). At St. Pancreas, London. Cementation of wrought iron bars by charcoal contact known to Chalybes people of Asia Minor, c. 1440 BC.

Steel (rustless or stainless), 1913. Inventor : Harry Brearley (England). First cast at Sheffield, England (August 20). Knapp patent, October 1912 for chromium carbon steel; failed to recognise corrosion resistance.

Stethoscope, Inventor : Dr. William Stokes (England) (1804-78).

Streetcar (railed), 1550. Inventor : Rail mining tracks, Lieberthal in Alsace region of France.

Streetcar (electric), 1879. Inventor : Ernst Werner von Siemens (Germany) (1813-92). Earliest permanent self-propelled public streetcar at Lichterfelde in Berlin, Germany, 1881. Demonstration at Berlin trade exhibition over 300 yards, May 31,1879.

Submarine, 1776. Inventor : David Bushnell of Saybrook, Connecticut (U.S.).

Synthesizer, 1964. Inventor : Dr. Robert Arthur Moog (USA).

Tank (military), 1914. Inventor : Sir Ernest Dunlop Swinton (England) (1868-1951). Built at Leicester, England. Tested in September 1915.

Telegraph, 1837. Inventors : Sir William Cook (1806-79), Sir Charles Wheatstone (England) (1802-75). Demonstrated on 25th July 1837 between Euston and Camden Town in London.

Telegraph Code, 1837. Inventor: Samuel F.B. Morse (U.S.) (1791-1872). The real credit belonged largely to his assistant, Alfred Vail (U.S.).

Telephone, 1876. Inventor : Alexander Graham Bell (U.S.) (1847-1922). First exchange at Boston, Massachusetts, 1878.

Telescope (1st refracting), 1608. Inventor : Hans Lippershey (German-Dutch lensmaker). Demonstrated his invention called 'kijker' (meaning 'looker' in Dutch) before Dutch parliament on 2nd October 1608.

Time Recorder, 1890. Inventor : Harlow Bundy (USA).

Tractor (1st gasoline/petrol powered engine), 1892. Inventor : John Froelich (U.S.). Completed in Iowa (September 6 1892).

Tractor (Caterpillar), 1900. Inventor: Benjamin Holt (U.S.).

Transformer (induction coil), 1842. Inventor : William Stanley, Jr. (U.S.).

Transistor, 1948. Inventors : John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain (U.S). Researched at Bell Telephone Laboratories. First application for a patent was by Dr Julius Edgar Lilienfeld in Canada in October 1925.

True Nature of Combustion, 1789. Discoverer : Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (France).

Tungsten, 1783. Inventors : Juan José Elhuyar Lubize and Fausto de Elhuyar (both brothers) jointly discovered Tungsten (Spain).

Typewriter, 1864. Inventor : Peter Mitterhofer (1822-1893) (Austria). First practical patent by Christopher Soles (U.S.) (1868).

Uranium, 1841. Discoverer : Martin Heinrich Klaproth (1743-1817) (Germany).

Vaccination, 1796. Inventor : Dr. Edward Jenner (England).

Variable Wing, 1956. Inventor : Sir Barnes Neville Wallis (England). First military application in U.S. F-111 Jet Fighter, 1964.

Vitamin A, 1913. Discoverers : Elmer V. McCollum and M. Davis (USA).

Vitamin B, 1916. Discoverer : Elmer V. McCollum (USA).

Vitamin C, 1920. Discoverers : Albert Szent-Györgyi and Charles Glen King (USA).

Vitamin D, 1920. Discoverer : Sir Edward Mellanby (USA). He also studied role of Vitamin D in preventing Rickets in 1919.

Vitamin E, 1922. Discoverer : Sir Herbert McLean Evans (USA).

Vitamin K, 1929. Discoverers : Henrik Dam (Denmark) and Edward Adelbert Doisy (USA).

Washing Machine (electric), 1907 (date not exact, estimated). Inventor : Controversial and exact inventor is unknown. However, Hurley Machine Company of Chicago (U.S) produced first model of electric washer called "Thor" based on design by Alva J. Fisher, (1910).

Watch (self-winding), 1791. Inventor : Abraham-Louis Breguet (France). Rocker Pedometer action.

Welder (electric welding), 1877. Inventor : Elisha Thompson (U.S.) (1853-1937).

Wheel, c. 3800-3600 BC. Inventor : Sumerian civilisation. Spokes as opposed to solid wheels introduced c. 1900 BC.

Windmill, c. 600 AD. Inventor : Persian corn grinding, oldest known port mill, 1191, Bury St. Edmunds, England.

Writing, c. 3400 BC. Inventor : Sumerian civilisation. Earliest evidence found at Warka in Iraq.

Xerography, 1938. Inventor : Chester Floyd Carlson (U.S). First photocopier machine marketed in U.S. in 1950.

X-ray, 1895. Inventor : Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (Germany). University of Wurzburg (November 8).

Zeppelin Airship Balloon

Zeppelin, (Rigid Airship) 1899. Inventor : Ferdinand von Zeppelin (Germany).

Zero (in number system), c. 600. Inventor : Anonymous (India). (Absolute zero temperature; cessation of all molecular energy, 1848, William Thompson and Lord Kelvin, England).

Ziggurats, c. 2000 BC. Inventors : Sumerians. Earliest staged towers at Ur in Iraq.

Zip Fastener, 1893. Inventor : Whitcomb L. Judson (U.S.). First practical fastener or modern zipper invented in U.S. by Gideon Sundback (Sweden) in 1913.